[Footnote: Jacobi, _Zeitschrift der Deutsch. Morg.
Ges._ Bd. XXXIV, S. 187; _Ind. Antiq._ Vol. IX, p. 159.] Two other
rules from the doctrine of souls are quoted in a later work, not
canonical: there it is stated, in a collection of false doctrines which
Buddha's rivals taught, that Niga[n.][t.]ha asserts that cold water was
living. Little drops of water contained small souls, large drops, large
souls. Therefore he forbade his followers, the use of cold water. It is
not difficult, in these curious rules to recognise the Jaina dogma, which
asserts the existence of souls, even in the mass of lifeless elements of
earth, water, fire, and wind. This also proves, that the Niga[n.][t.]ha
admitted the classification of souls, so often ridiculed by the
Brahma[n.]s, which distinguishes between great and small. This work, like
others, ascribes to Niga[n.][t.]ha the assertion, that the so-called three
_da[n.][d.]a_--the three instruments by which man can cause injury to
creatures--thought, word, and body, are separate active causes of sin. The
Jaina doctrine agrees also in this case, which always specially represents
the three and prescribes for each a special control. [Footnote: Jacobi,
_Ind. Antiq._ Vol. IX, p. 159.]
Besides these rules, which perfectly agree with one another, there are
still two doctrines of the Niga[n.][t.]ha to be referred to which seem to,
or really do, contradict the Jainas; namely, it is stated that Nataputta
demanded from his disciples the taking of four, not as in Vardhamana's
case, of five great vows.
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